meerschaum.utils.packages

   1#! /usr/bin/env python
   2# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
   3# vim:fenc=utf-8
   4
   5"""
   6Functions for managing packages and virtual environments reside here.
   7"""
   8
   9from __future__ import annotations
  10
  11import importlib.util, os, pathlib, re
  12from meerschaum.utils.typing import Any, List, SuccessTuple, Optional, Union, Tuple, Dict, Iterable
  13from meerschaum.utils.threading import Lock, RLock
  14from meerschaum.utils.packages._packages import (
  15    packages,
  16    all_packages,
  17    get_install_names,
  18    _MRSM_PACKAGE_ARCHIVES_PREFIX,
  19)
  20from meerschaum.utils.venv import (
  21    activate_venv,
  22    deactivate_venv,
  23    venv_executable,
  24    venv_exec,
  25    venv_exists,
  26    venv_target_path,
  27    inside_venv,
  28    Venv,
  29    init_venv,
  30)
  31
  32_import_module = importlib.import_module
  33_import_hook_venv = None
  34_locks = {
  35    '_pkg_resources_get_distribution': RLock(),
  36    'import_versions': RLock(),
  37    '_checked_for_updates': RLock(),
  38    '_is_installed_first_check': RLock(),
  39    'emitted_pandas_warning': RLock(),
  40}
  41_checked_for_updates = set()
  42_is_installed_first_check: Dict[str, bool] = {}
  43
  44
  45def get_module_path(
  46    import_name: str,
  47    venv: Optional[str] = 'mrsm',
  48    debug: bool = False,
  49    _try_install_name_on_fail: bool = True,
  50) -> Union[pathlib.Path, None]:
  51    """
  52    Get a module's path without importing.
  53    """
  54    import site
  55    if debug:
  56        from meerschaum.utils.debug import dprint
  57    if not _try_install_name_on_fail:
  58        install_name = _import_to_install_name(import_name, with_version=False)
  59        install_name_lower = install_name.lower().replace('-', '_')
  60        import_name_lower = install_name_lower
  61    else:
  62        import_name_lower = import_name.lower().replace('-', '_')
  63
  64    vtp = venv_target_path(venv, allow_nonexistent=True, debug=debug)
  65    if not vtp.exists():
  66        if debug:
  67            dprint(
  68                (
  69                    "Venv '{venv}' does not exist, cannot import "
  70                    + f"'{import_name}'."
  71                ),
  72                color = False,
  73            )
  74        return None
  75
  76    venv_target_candidate_paths = [vtp]
  77    if venv is None:
  78        site_user_packages_dirs = [
  79            pathlib.Path(site.getusersitepackages())
  80        ] if not inside_venv() else []
  81        site_packages_dirs = [pathlib.Path(path) for path in site.getsitepackages()]
  82
  83        paths_to_add = [
  84            path
  85            for path in site_user_packages_dirs + site_packages_dirs
  86            if path not in venv_target_candidate_paths
  87        ]
  88        venv_target_candidate_paths += paths_to_add
  89
  90    candidates = []
  91    for venv_target_candidate in venv_target_candidate_paths:
  92        try:
  93            file_names = os.listdir(venv_target_candidate)
  94        except FileNotFoundError:
  95            continue
  96        for file_name in file_names:
  97            file_name_lower = file_name.lower().replace('-', '_')
  98            if not file_name_lower.startswith(import_name_lower):
  99                continue
 100            if file_name.endswith('dist_info'):
 101                continue
 102            file_path = venv_target_candidate / file_name
 103
 104            ### Most likely: Is a directory with __init__.py
 105            if file_name_lower == import_name_lower and file_path.is_dir():
 106                init_path = file_path / '__init__.py'
 107                if init_path.exists():
 108                    candidates.append(init_path)
 109
 110            ### May be a standalone .py file.
 111            elif file_name_lower == import_name_lower + '.py':
 112                candidates.append(file_path)
 113
 114            ### Compiled wheels (e.g. pyodbc)
 115            elif file_name_lower.startswith(import_name_lower + '.'):
 116                candidates.append(file_path)
 117
 118    if len(candidates) == 1:
 119        return candidates[0]
 120
 121    if not candidates:
 122        if _try_install_name_on_fail:
 123            return get_module_path(
 124                import_name, venv=venv, debug=debug,
 125                _try_install_name_on_fail=False
 126            )
 127        return None
 128
 129    specs_paths = []
 130    for candidate_path in candidates:
 131        spec = importlib.util.spec_from_file_location(import_name, str(candidate_path))
 132        if spec is not None:
 133            return candidate_path
 134    
 135    return None
 136
 137
 138def manually_import_module(
 139    import_name: str,
 140    venv: Optional[str] = 'mrsm',
 141    check_update: bool = True,
 142    check_pypi: bool = False,
 143    install: bool = True,
 144    split: bool = True,
 145    warn: bool = True,
 146    color: bool = True,
 147    debug: bool = False,
 148    use_sys_modules: bool = True,
 149) -> Union['ModuleType', None]:
 150    """
 151    Manually import a module from a virtual environment (or the base environment).
 152
 153    Parameters
 154    ----------
 155    import_name: str
 156        The name of the module.
 157        
 158    venv: Optional[str], default 'mrsm'
 159        The virtual environment to read from.
 160
 161    check_update: bool, default True
 162        If `True`, examine whether the available version of the package meets the required version.
 163
 164    check_pypi: bool, default False
 165        If `True`, check PyPI for updates before importing.
 166
 167    install: bool, default True
 168        If `True`, install the package if it's not installed or needs an update.
 169
 170    split: bool, default True
 171        If `True`, split `import_name` on periods to get the package name.
 172
 173    warn: bool, default True
 174        If `True`, raise a warning if the package cannot be imported.
 175
 176    color: bool, default True
 177        If `True`, use color output for debug and warning text.
 178
 179    debug: bool, default False
 180        Verbosity toggle.
 181
 182    use_sys_modules: bool, default True
 183        If `True`, return the module in `sys.modules` if it exists.
 184        Otherwise continue with manually importing.
 185
 186    Returns
 187    -------
 188    The specified module or `None` if it can't be imported.
 189
 190    """
 191    import sys
 192    _previously_imported = import_name in sys.modules
 193    if _previously_imported and use_sys_modules:
 194        return sys.modules[import_name]
 195
 196    from meerschaum.utils.warnings import warn as warn_function
 197    import warnings
 198    root_name = import_name.split('.')[0] if split else import_name
 199    install_name = _import_to_install_name(root_name)
 200
 201    root_path = get_module_path(root_name, venv=venv)
 202    if root_path is None:
 203        return None
 204
 205    mod_path = root_path
 206    if mod_path.is_dir():
 207        for _dir in import_name.split('.')[:-1]:
 208            mod_path = mod_path / _dir
 209            possible_end_module_filename = import_name.split('.')[-1] + '.py'
 210            try:
 211                mod_path = (
 212                    (mod_path / possible_end_module_filename)
 213                    if possible_end_module_filename in os.listdir(mod_path)
 214                    else (
 215                        mod_path / import_name.split('.')[-1] / '__init__.py'
 216                    )
 217                )
 218            except Exception:
 219                mod_path = None
 220
 221    spec = (
 222        importlib.util.find_spec(import_name)
 223        if mod_path is None or not mod_path.exists()
 224        else importlib.util.spec_from_file_location(import_name, str(mod_path))
 225    )
 226    root_spec = (
 227        importlib.util.find_spec(root_name)
 228        if not root_path.exists()
 229        else importlib.util.spec_from_file_location(root_name, str(root_path))
 230    )
 231
 232    ### Check for updates before importing.
 233    _version = (
 234        determine_version(
 235            pathlib.Path(root_spec.origin),
 236            import_name=root_name, venv=venv, debug=debug
 237        ) if root_spec is not None and root_spec.origin is not None else None
 238    )
 239
 240    if _version is not None:
 241        if check_update:
 242            if need_update(
 243                None,
 244                import_name=root_name,
 245                version=_version,
 246                check_pypi=check_pypi,
 247                debug=debug,
 248            ):
 249                if install:
 250                    if not pip_install(
 251                        root_name,
 252                        venv=venv,
 253                        split=False,
 254                        check_update=check_update,
 255                        color=color,
 256                        debug=debug
 257                    ) and warn:
 258                        warn_function(
 259                            f"There's an update available for '{install_name}', "
 260                            + "but it failed to install. "
 261                            + "Try installig via Meerschaum with "
 262                            + "`install packages '{install_name}'`.",
 263                            ImportWarning,
 264                            stacklevel=3,
 265                            color=False,
 266                        )
 267                elif warn:
 268                    warn_function(
 269                        f"There's an update available for '{root_name}'.",
 270                        stack=False,
 271                        color=False,
 272                    )
 273                spec = (
 274                    importlib.util.find_spec(import_name)
 275                    if mod_path is None or not mod_path.exists()
 276                    else importlib.util.spec_from_file_location(import_name, str(mod_path))
 277                )
 278
 279    if spec is None:
 280        try:
 281            mod = _import_module(import_name)
 282        except Exception:
 283            mod = None
 284        return mod
 285
 286    with Venv(venv, debug=debug):
 287        mod = importlib.util.module_from_spec(spec)
 288        old_sys_mod = sys.modules.get(import_name, None)
 289        sys.modules[import_name] = mod
 290
 291        try:
 292            with warnings.catch_warnings():
 293                warnings.filterwarnings('ignore', 'The NumPy')
 294                spec.loader.exec_module(mod)
 295        except Exception:
 296            pass
 297        mod = _import_module(import_name)
 298        if old_sys_mod is not None:
 299            sys.modules[import_name] = old_sys_mod
 300        else:
 301            del sys.modules[import_name]
 302
 303    return mod
 304
 305
 306def _import_to_install_name(import_name: str, with_version: bool = True) -> str:
 307    """
 308    Try to translate an import name to an installation name.
 309    """
 310    install_name = all_packages.get(import_name, import_name)
 311    if with_version:
 312        return install_name
 313    return get_install_no_version(install_name)
 314
 315
 316def _import_to_dir_name(import_name: str) -> str:
 317    """
 318    Translate an import name to the package name in the sites-packages directory.
 319    """
 320    import re
 321    return re.split(
 322        r'[<>=\[]', all_packages.get(import_name, import_name)
 323    )[0].replace('-', '_').lower() 
 324
 325
 326def _install_to_import_name(install_name: str) -> str:
 327    """
 328    Translate an installation name to a package's import name.
 329    """
 330    _install_no_version = get_install_no_version(install_name)
 331    return get_install_names().get(_install_no_version, _install_no_version)
 332
 333
 334def get_install_no_version(install_name: str) -> str:
 335    """
 336    Strip the version information from the install name.
 337    """
 338    import re
 339    return re.split(r'[\[=<>,! \]]', install_name)[0]
 340
 341
 342import_versions = {}
 343def determine_version(
 344    path: pathlib.Path,
 345    import_name: Optional[str] = None,
 346    venv: Optional[str] = 'mrsm',
 347    search_for_metadata: bool = True,
 348    split: bool = True,
 349    warn: bool = False,
 350    debug: bool = False,
 351) -> Union[str, None]:
 352    """
 353    Determine a module's `__version__` string from its filepath.
 354    
 355    First it searches for pip metadata, then it attempts to import the module in a subprocess.
 356
 357    Parameters
 358    ----------
 359    path: pathlib.Path
 360        The file path of the module.
 361
 362    import_name: Optional[str], default None
 363        The name of the module. If omitted, it will be determined from the file path.
 364        Defaults to `None`.
 365
 366    venv: Optional[str], default 'mrsm'
 367        The virtual environment of the Python interpreter to use if importing is necessary.
 368
 369    search_for_metadata: bool, default True
 370        If `True`, search the pip site_packages directory (assumed to be the parent)
 371        for the corresponding dist-info directory.
 372
 373    warn: bool, default True
 374        If `True`, raise a warning if the module fails to import in the subprocess.
 375
 376    split: bool, default True
 377        If `True`, split the determined import name by periods to get the room name.
 378
 379    Returns
 380    -------
 381    The package's version string if available or `None`.
 382    If multiple versions are found, it will trigger an import in a subprocess.
 383
 384    """
 385    with _locks['import_versions']:
 386        if venv not in import_versions:
 387            import_versions[venv] = {}
 388    import os
 389    old_cwd = os.getcwd()
 390    from meerschaum.utils.warnings import warn as warn_function
 391    if import_name is None:
 392        import_name = path.parent.stem if path.stem == '__init__' else path.stem
 393        import_name = import_name.split('.')[0] if split else import_name
 394    if import_name in import_versions[venv]:
 395        return import_versions[venv][import_name]
 396    _version = None
 397    module_parent_dir = (
 398        path.parent.parent if path.stem == '__init__' else path.parent
 399    ) if path is not None else venv_target_path(venv, allow_nonexistent=True, debug=debug)
 400
 401    if not module_parent_dir.exists():
 402        return None
 403
 404    installed_dir_name = _import_to_dir_name(import_name)
 405    clean_installed_dir_name = installed_dir_name.lower().replace('-', '_')
 406
 407    ### First, check if a dist-info directory exists.
 408    _found_versions = []
 409    if search_for_metadata:
 410        try:
 411            filenames = os.listdir(module_parent_dir)
 412        except FileNotFoundError:
 413            filenames = []
 414        for filename in filenames:
 415            if not filename.endswith('.dist-info'):
 416                continue
 417            filename_lower = filename.lower()
 418            if not filename_lower.startswith(clean_installed_dir_name + '-'):
 419                continue
 420            _v = filename.replace('.dist-info', '').split("-")[-1]
 421            _found_versions.append(_v)
 422
 423    if len(_found_versions) == 1:
 424        _version = _found_versions[0]
 425        with _locks['import_versions']:
 426            import_versions[venv][import_name] = _version
 427        return _found_versions[0]
 428
 429    if not _found_versions:
 430        try:
 431            import importlib.metadata as importlib_metadata
 432        except ImportError:
 433            importlib_metadata = attempt_import(
 434                'importlib_metadata',
 435                debug=debug, check_update=False, precheck=False,
 436                color=False, check_is_installed=False, lazy=False,
 437            )
 438        try:
 439            os.chdir(module_parent_dir)
 440            _version = importlib_metadata.metadata(import_name)['Version']
 441        except Exception:
 442            _version = None
 443        finally:
 444            os.chdir(old_cwd)
 445
 446        if _version is not None:
 447            with _locks['import_versions']:
 448                import_versions[venv][import_name] = _version
 449            return _version
 450
 451    if debug:
 452        print(f'Found multiple versions for {import_name}: {_found_versions}')
 453
 454    module_parent_dir_str = module_parent_dir.as_posix()
 455
 456    ### Not a pip package, so let's try importing the module directly (in a subprocess).
 457    _no_version_str = 'no-version'
 458    code = (
 459        f"import sys, importlib; sys.path.insert(0, '{module_parent_dir_str}');\n"
 460        + f"module = importlib.import_module('{import_name}');\n"
 461        + "try:\n"
 462        + "  print(module.__version__ , end='')\n"
 463        + "except:\n"
 464        + f"  print('{_no_version_str}', end='')"
 465    )
 466    exit_code, stdout_bytes, stderr_bytes = venv_exec(
 467        code, venv=venv, with_extras=True, debug=debug
 468    )
 469    stdout, stderr = stdout_bytes.decode('utf-8'), stderr_bytes.decode('utf-8')
 470    _version = stdout.split('\n')[-1] if exit_code == 0 else None
 471    _version = _version if _version != _no_version_str else None
 472
 473    if _version is None:
 474        _version = _get_package_metadata(import_name, venv).get('version', None)
 475    if _version is None and warn:
 476        warn_function(
 477            f"Failed to determine a version for '{import_name}':\n{stderr}",
 478            stack = False
 479        )
 480
 481    ### If `__version__` doesn't exist, return `None`.
 482    import_versions[venv][import_name] = _version
 483    return _version
 484
 485
 486def _get_package_metadata(import_name: str, venv: Optional[str]) -> Dict[str, str]:
 487    """
 488    Get a package's metadata from pip.
 489    This is useful for getting a version when no `__version__` is defined
 490    and multiple versions are installed.
 491
 492    Parameters
 493    ----------
 494    import_name: str
 495        The package's import or installation name.
 496
 497    venv: Optional[str]
 498        The virtual environment which contains the package.
 499
 500    Returns
 501    -------
 502    A dictionary of metadata from pip.
 503    """
 504    import re
 505    from meerschaum.config._paths import VIRTENV_RESOURCES_PATH
 506    install_name = _import_to_install_name(import_name)
 507    if install_name.startswith(_MRSM_PACKAGE_ARCHIVES_PREFIX):
 508        return {}
 509    _args = ['pip', 'show', install_name]
 510    if venv is not None:
 511        cache_dir_path = VIRTENV_RESOURCES_PATH / venv / 'cache'
 512        _args += ['--cache-dir', cache_dir_path.as_posix()]
 513
 514    if use_uv():
 515        package_name = 'uv'
 516        _args = ['pip', 'show', install_name]
 517    else:
 518        package_name = 'pip'
 519        _args = ['show', install_name]
 520
 521    proc = run_python_package(
 522        package_name, _args,
 523        capture_output=True, as_proc=True, venv=venv, universal_newlines=True,
 524    )
 525    outs, errs = proc.communicate()
 526    lines = outs.split('\n')
 527    meta = {}
 528    for line in lines:
 529        vals = line.split(": ")
 530        if len(vals) != 2:
 531            continue
 532        k, v = vals[0].lower(), vals[1]
 533        if v and 'UNKNOWN' not in v:
 534            meta[k] = v
 535    return meta
 536
 537
 538def need_update(
 539    package: Optional['ModuleType'] = None,
 540    install_name: Optional[str] = None,
 541    import_name: Optional[str] = None,
 542    version: Optional[str] = None,
 543    check_pypi: bool = False,
 544    split: bool = True,
 545    color: bool = True,
 546    debug: bool = False,
 547    _run_determine_version: bool = True,
 548) -> bool:
 549    """
 550    Check if a Meerschaum dependency needs an update.
 551    Returns a bool for whether or not a package needs to be updated.
 552
 553    Parameters
 554    ----------
 555    package: 'ModuleType'
 556        The module of the package to be updated.
 557
 558    install_name: Optional[str], default None
 559        If provided, use this string to determine the required version.
 560        Otherwise use the install name defined in `meerschaum.utils.packages._packages`.
 561
 562    import_name:
 563        If provided, override the package's `__name__` string.
 564
 565    version: Optional[str], default None
 566        If specified, override the package's `__version__` string.
 567
 568    check_pypi: bool, default False
 569        If `True`, check pypi.org for updates.
 570        Defaults to `False`.
 571
 572    split: bool, default True
 573        If `True`, split the module's name on periods to detrive the root name.
 574        Defaults to `True`.
 575
 576    color: bool, default True
 577        If `True`, format debug output.
 578        Defaults to `True`.
 579
 580    debug: bool, default True
 581        Verbosity toggle.
 582
 583    Returns
 584    -------
 585    A bool indicating whether the package requires an update.
 586
 587    """
 588    if debug:
 589        from meerschaum.utils.debug import dprint
 590    from meerschaum.utils.warnings import warn as warn_function
 591    import re
 592    root_name = (
 593        package.__name__.split('.')[0] if split else package.__name__
 594    ) if import_name is None else (
 595        import_name.split('.')[0] if split else import_name
 596    )
 597    install_name = install_name or _import_to_install_name(root_name)
 598    with _locks['_checked_for_updates']:
 599        if install_name in _checked_for_updates:
 600            return False
 601        _checked_for_updates.add(install_name)
 602
 603    _install_no_version = get_install_no_version(install_name)
 604    required_version = (
 605        install_name
 606        .replace(_install_no_version, '')
 607    )
 608    if ']' in required_version:
 609        required_version = required_version.split(']')[1]
 610
 611    ### No minimum version was specified, and we're not going to check PyPI.
 612    if not required_version and not check_pypi:
 613        return False
 614
 615    ### NOTE: Sometimes (rarely), we depend on a development build of a package.
 616    if '.dev' in required_version:
 617        required_version = required_version.split('.dev')[0]
 618    if version and '.dev' in version:
 619        version = version.split('.dev')[0]
 620
 621    try:
 622        if not version:
 623            if not _run_determine_version:
 624                version = determine_version(
 625                    pathlib.Path(package.__file__),
 626                    import_name=root_name, warn=False, debug=debug
 627                )
 628        if version is None:
 629            return False
 630    except Exception as e:
 631        if debug:
 632            dprint(str(e), color=color)
 633            dprint("No version could be determined from the installed package.", color=color)
 634        return False
 635    split_version = version.split('.')
 636    last_part = split_version[-1]
 637    if len(split_version) == 2:
 638        version = '.'.join(split_version) + '.0'
 639    elif 'dev' in last_part or 'rc' in last_part:
 640        tag = 'dev' if 'dev' in last_part else 'rc'
 641        last_sep = '-'
 642        if not last_part.startswith(tag):
 643            last_part = f'-{tag}'.join(last_part.split(tag))
 644            last_sep = '.'
 645        version = '.'.join(split_version[:-1]) + last_sep + last_part
 646    elif len(split_version) > 3:
 647        version = '.'.join(split_version[:3])
 648
 649    packaging_version = attempt_import(
 650        'packaging.version', check_update=False, lazy=False, debug=debug,
 651    )
 652
 653    ### Get semver if necessary
 654    if required_version:
 655        semver_path = get_module_path('semver', debug=debug)
 656        if semver_path is None:
 657            no_venv_semver_path = get_module_path('semver', venv=None, debug=debug)
 658            if no_venv_semver_path is None:
 659                pip_install(_import_to_install_name('semver'), debug=debug)
 660        semver = attempt_import('semver', check_update=False, lazy=False, debug=debug)
 661    if check_pypi:
 662        ### Check PyPI for updates
 663        update_checker = attempt_import(
 664            'update_checker', lazy=False, check_update=False, debug=debug
 665        )
 666        checker = update_checker.UpdateChecker()
 667        result = checker.check(_install_no_version, version)
 668    else:
 669        ### Skip PyPI and assume we can't be sure.
 670        result = None
 671
 672    ### Compare PyPI's version with our own.
 673    if result is not None:
 674        ### We have a result from PyPI and a stated required version.
 675        if required_version:
 676            try:
 677                return semver.Version.parse(result.available_version).match(required_version)
 678            except AttributeError as e:
 679                pip_install(_import_to_install_name('semver'), venv='mrsm', debug=debug)
 680                semver = manually_import_module('semver', venv='mrsm')
 681                return semver.Version.parse(version).match(required_version)
 682            except Exception as e:
 683                if debug:
 684                    dprint(f"Failed to match versions with exception:\n{e}", color=color)
 685                return False
 686
 687        ### If `check_pypi` and we don't have a required version, check if PyPI's version
 688        ### is newer than the installed version.
 689        else:
 690            return (
 691                packaging_version.parse(result.available_version) > 
 692                packaging_version.parse(version)
 693            )
 694
 695    ### We might be depending on a prerelease.
 696    ### Sanity check that the required version is not greater than the installed version. 
 697    required_version = (
 698        required_version.replace(_MRSM_PACKAGE_ARCHIVES_PREFIX, '')
 699        .replace(' @ ', '').replace('wheels', '').replace('+mrsm', '').replace('/-', '')
 700        .replace('-py3-none-any.whl', '')
 701    )
 702
 703    if 'a' in required_version:
 704        required_version = required_version.replace('a', '-pre.').replace('+mrsm', '')
 705        version = version.replace('a', '-pre.').replace('+mrsm', '')
 706    try:
 707        return (
 708            (not semver.Version.parse(version).match(required_version))
 709            if required_version else False
 710        )
 711    except AttributeError:
 712        pip_install(_import_to_install_name('semver'), venv='mrsm', debug=debug)
 713        semver = manually_import_module('semver', venv='mrsm', debug=debug)
 714        return (
 715            (not semver.Version.parse(version).match(required_version))
 716            if required_version else False
 717        )
 718    except Exception as e:
 719        print(f"Unable to parse version ({version}) for package '{import_name}'.")
 720        print(e)
 721        if debug:
 722            dprint(e)
 723        return False
 724    try:
 725        return (
 726            packaging_version.parse(version) > 
 727            packaging_version.parse(required_version)
 728        )
 729    except Exception as e:
 730        if debug:
 731            dprint(e)
 732        return False
 733    return False
 734
 735
 736def get_pip(
 737    venv: Optional[str] = 'mrsm',
 738    color: bool = True,
 739    debug: bool = False,
 740) -> bool:
 741    """
 742    Download and run the get-pip.py script.
 743
 744    Parameters
 745    ----------
 746    venv: Optional[str], default 'mrsm'
 747        The virtual environment into which to install `pip`.
 748
 749    color: bool, default True
 750        If `True`, force color output.
 751
 752    debug: bool, default False
 753        Verbosity toggle.
 754
 755    Returns
 756    -------
 757    A bool indicating success.
 758
 759    """
 760    import sys
 761    import subprocess
 762    from meerschaum.utils.misc import wget
 763    from meerschaum.config._paths import CACHE_RESOURCES_PATH
 764    from meerschaum._internal.static import STATIC_CONFIG
 765    url = STATIC_CONFIG['system']['urls']['get-pip.py']
 766    dest = CACHE_RESOURCES_PATH / 'get-pip.py'
 767    try:
 768        wget(url, dest, color=False, debug=debug)
 769    except Exception:
 770        print(f"Failed to fetch pip from '{url}'. Please install pip and restart Meerschaum.") 
 771        sys.exit(1)
 772    if venv is not None:
 773        init_venv(venv=venv, debug=debug)
 774    cmd_list = [venv_executable(venv=venv), dest.as_posix()] 
 775    return subprocess.call(cmd_list, env=_get_pip_os_env(color=color)) == 0
 776
 777
 778def pip_install(
 779    *install_names: str,
 780    args: Optional[List[str]] = None,
 781    requirements_file_path: Union[pathlib.Path, str, None] = None,
 782    venv: Optional[str] = 'mrsm',
 783    split: bool = False,
 784    check_update: bool = True,
 785    check_pypi: bool = True,
 786    check_wheel: bool = True,
 787    _uninstall: bool = False,
 788    _from_completely_uninstall: bool = False,
 789    _install_uv_pip: bool = True,
 790    _use_uv_pip: bool = True,
 791    color: bool = True,
 792    silent: bool = False,
 793    debug: bool = False,
 794) -> bool:
 795    """
 796    Install packages from PyPI with `pip`.
 797
 798    Parameters
 799    ----------
 800    *install_names: str
 801        The installation names of packages to be installed.
 802        This includes version restrictions.
 803        Use `_import_to_install_name()` to get the predefined `install_name` for a package
 804        from its import name.
 805
 806    args: Optional[List[str]], default None
 807        A list of command line arguments to pass to `pip`.
 808        If not provided, default to `['--upgrade']` if `_uninstall` is `False`, else `[]`.
 809
 810    requirements_file_path: Optional[pathlib.Path, str], default None
 811        If provided, append `['-r', '/path/to/requirements.txt']` to `args`.
 812
 813    venv: str, default 'mrsm'
 814        The virtual environment to install into.
 815
 816    split: bool, default False
 817        If `True`, split on periods and only install the root package name.
 818
 819    check_update: bool, default True
 820        If `True`, check if the package requires an update.
 821
 822    check_pypi: bool, default True
 823        If `True` and `check_update` is `True`, check PyPI for the latest version.
 824
 825    check_wheel: bool, default True
 826        If `True`, check if `wheel` is available.
 827
 828    _uninstall: bool, default False
 829        If `True`, uninstall packages instead.
 830
 831    color: bool, default True
 832        If `True`, include color in debug text.
 833
 834    silent: bool, default False
 835        If `True`, skip printing messages.
 836
 837    debug: bool, default False
 838        Verbosity toggle.
 839
 840    Returns
 841    -------
 842    A bool indicating success.
 843
 844    """
 845    from meerschaum.config._paths import VIRTENV_RESOURCES_PATH
 846    from meerschaum._internal.static import STATIC_CONFIG
 847    from meerschaum.utils.warnings import warn
 848    if args is None:
 849        args = ['--upgrade'] if not _uninstall else []
 850    ANSI = True if color else False
 851    if check_wheel:
 852        have_wheel = venv_contains_package('wheel', venv=venv, debug=debug)
 853
 854    daemon_env_var = STATIC_CONFIG['environment']['daemon_id']
 855    inside_daemon = daemon_env_var in os.environ
 856    if inside_daemon:
 857        silent = True
 858
 859    _args = list(args)
 860    have_pip = venv_contains_package('pip', venv=None, debug=debug)
 861    try:
 862        import pip
 863        have_pip = True
 864    except ImportError:
 865        have_pip = False
 866    try:
 867        import uv
 868        uv_bin = uv.find_uv_bin()
 869        have_uv_pip = True
 870    except (ImportError, FileNotFoundError):
 871        uv_bin = None
 872        have_uv_pip = False
 873    if have_pip and not have_uv_pip and _install_uv_pip and is_uv_enabled():
 874        if not pip_install(
 875            'uv',
 876            venv=None,
 877            debug=debug,
 878            _install_uv_pip=False,
 879            check_update=False,
 880            check_pypi=False,
 881            check_wheel=False,
 882        ) and not silent:
 883            warn(
 884                f"Failed to install `uv` for virtual environment '{venv}'.",
 885                color=False,
 886            )
 887
 888    use_uv_pip = (
 889        _use_uv_pip
 890        and venv_contains_package('uv', venv=None, debug=debug)
 891        and uv_bin is not None
 892        and venv is not None
 893        and is_uv_enabled()
 894    )
 895
 896    import sys
 897    if not have_pip and not use_uv_pip:
 898        if not get_pip(venv=venv, color=color, debug=debug):
 899            import sys
 900            minor = sys.version_info.minor
 901            print(
 902                "\nFailed to import `pip` and `ensurepip`.\n"
 903                + "If you are running Ubuntu/Debian, "
 904                + "you might need to install `python3.{minor}-distutils`:\n\n"
 905                + f"    sudo apt install python3.{minor}-pip python3.{minor}-venv\n\n"
 906                + "Please install pip and restart Meerschaum.\n\n"
 907                + "You can find instructions on installing `pip` here:\n"
 908                + "https://pip.pypa.io/en/stable/installing/"
 909            )
 910            sys.exit(1)
 911
 912    with Venv(venv, debug=debug):
 913        if venv is not None:
 914            if (
 915                '--ignore-installed' not in args
 916                and '-I' not in _args
 917                and not _uninstall
 918                and not use_uv_pip
 919            ):
 920                _args += ['--ignore-installed']
 921            if '--cache-dir' not in args and not _uninstall:
 922                cache_dir_path = VIRTENV_RESOURCES_PATH / venv / 'cache'
 923                _args += ['--cache-dir', str(cache_dir_path)]
 924
 925        if 'pip' not in ' '.join(_args) and not use_uv_pip:
 926            if check_update and not _uninstall:
 927                pip = attempt_import('pip', venv=venv, install=False, debug=debug, lazy=False)
 928                if need_update(pip, check_pypi=check_pypi, debug=debug):
 929                    _args.append(all_packages['pip'])
 930
 931        _args = (['install'] if not _uninstall else ['uninstall']) + _args
 932
 933        if check_wheel and not _uninstall and not use_uv_pip:
 934            if not have_wheel:
 935                setup_packages_to_install = (
 936                    ['setuptools', 'wheel']
 937                    + (['uv'] if is_uv_enabled() else [])
 938                )
 939                if not pip_install(
 940                    *setup_packages_to_install,
 941                    venv=venv,
 942                    check_update=False,
 943                    check_pypi=False,
 944                    check_wheel=False,
 945                    debug=debug,
 946                    _install_uv_pip=False,
 947                ) and not silent:
 948                    from meerschaum.utils.misc import items_str
 949                    warn(
 950                        (
 951                            f"Failed to install {items_str(setup_packages_to_install)} for virtual "
 952                            + f"environment '{venv}'."
 953                        ),
 954                        color=False,
 955                    )
 956
 957        if requirements_file_path is not None:
 958            _args.append('-r')
 959            _args.append(pathlib.Path(requirements_file_path).resolve().as_posix())
 960
 961        if not ANSI and '--no-color' not in _args:
 962            _args.append('--no-color')
 963
 964        if '--no-input' not in _args and not use_uv_pip:
 965            _args.append('--no-input')
 966
 967        if _uninstall and '-y' not in _args and not use_uv_pip:
 968            _args.append('-y')
 969
 970        if '--no-warn-conflicts' not in _args and not _uninstall and not use_uv_pip:
 971            _args.append('--no-warn-conflicts')
 972
 973        if '--disable-pip-version-check' not in _args and not use_uv_pip:
 974            _args.append('--disable-pip-version-check')
 975
 976        if '--target' not in _args and '-t' not in _args and not (not use_uv_pip and _uninstall):
 977            if venv is not None:
 978                vtp = venv_target_path(venv, allow_nonexistent=True, debug=debug)
 979                if not vtp.exists():
 980                    if not init_venv(venv, force=True):
 981                        vtp.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
 982                _args += ['--target', venv_target_path(venv, debug=debug)]
 983        elif (
 984            '--target' not in _args
 985                and '-t' not in _args
 986                and not inside_venv()
 987                and not _uninstall
 988                and not use_uv_pip
 989        ):
 990            _args += ['--user']
 991
 992        if debug:
 993            if '-v' not in _args or '-vv' not in _args or '-vvv' not in _args:
 994                if use_uv_pip:
 995                    _args.append('--verbose')
 996        else:
 997            if '-q' not in _args or '-qq' not in _args or '-qqq' not in _args:
 998                pass
 999
1000        _packages = [
1001            (
1002                get_install_no_version(install_name)
1003                if _uninstall or install_name.startswith(_MRSM_PACKAGE_ARCHIVES_PREFIX)
1004                else install_name
1005            )
1006            for install_name in install_names
1007        ]
1008        msg = "Installing packages:" if not _uninstall else "Uninstalling packages:"
1009        for p in _packages:
1010            msg += f'\n  - {p}'
1011        if not silent:
1012            print(msg)
1013
1014        if _uninstall and not _from_completely_uninstall and not use_uv_pip:
1015            for install_name in _packages:
1016                _install_no_version = get_install_no_version(install_name)
1017                if _install_no_version in ('pip', 'wheel', 'uv'):
1018                    continue
1019                if not completely_uninstall_package(
1020                    _install_no_version,
1021                    venv=venv, debug=debug,
1022                ) and not silent:
1023                    warn(
1024                        f"Failed to clean up package '{_install_no_version}'.",
1025                    )
1026
1027        ### NOTE: Only append the `--prerelease=allow` flag if we explicitly depend on a prerelease.
1028        if use_uv_pip:
1029            _args.insert(0, 'pip')
1030            if not _uninstall and get_prerelease_dependencies(_packages):
1031                _args.append('--prerelease=allow')
1032
1033        rc = run_python_package(
1034            ('pip' if not use_uv_pip else 'uv'),
1035            _args + _packages,
1036            venv=None,
1037            env=_get_pip_os_env(color=color),
1038            debug=debug,
1039        )
1040        if debug:
1041            print(f"{rc=}")
1042        success = rc == 0
1043
1044    msg = (
1045        "Successfully " + ('un' if _uninstall else '') + "installed packages." if success 
1046        else "Failed to " + ('un' if _uninstall else '') + "install packages."
1047    )
1048    if not silent:
1049        print(msg)
1050    if debug and not silent:
1051        print('pip ' + ('un' if _uninstall else '') + 'install returned:', success)
1052    return success
1053
1054
1055def get_prerelease_dependencies(_packages: Optional[List[str]] = None):
1056    """
1057    Return a list of explicitly prerelease dependencies from a list of packages.
1058    """
1059    if _packages is None:
1060        _packages = list(all_packages.keys())
1061    prelrease_strings = ['dev', 'rc', 'a']
1062    prerelease_packages = []
1063    for install_name in _packages:
1064        _install_no_version = get_install_no_version(install_name)
1065        import_name = _install_to_import_name(install_name)
1066        install_with_version = _import_to_install_name(import_name)
1067        version_only = (
1068            install_with_version.lower().replace(_install_no_version.lower(), '')
1069            .split(']')[-1]
1070        )
1071
1072        is_prerelease = False
1073        for prelrease_string in prelrease_strings:
1074            if prelrease_string in version_only:
1075                is_prerelease = True
1076
1077        if is_prerelease:
1078            prerelease_packages.append(install_name)
1079    return prerelease_packages
1080
1081
1082def completely_uninstall_package(
1083    install_name: str,
1084    venv: str = 'mrsm',
1085    debug: bool = False,
1086) -> bool:
1087    """
1088    Continue calling `pip uninstall` until a package is completely
1089    removed from a virtual environment. 
1090    This is useful for dealing with multiple installed versions of a package.
1091    """
1092    attempts = 0
1093    _install_no_version = get_install_no_version(install_name)
1094    clean_install_no_version = _install_no_version.lower().replace('-', '_')
1095    installed_versions = []
1096    vtp = venv_target_path(venv, allow_nonexistent=True, debug=debug)
1097    if not vtp.exists():
1098        return True
1099
1100    for file_name in os.listdir(vtp):
1101        if not file_name.endswith('.dist-info'):
1102            continue
1103        clean_dist_info = file_name.replace('-', '_').lower()
1104        if not clean_dist_info.startswith(clean_install_no_version):
1105            continue
1106        installed_versions.append(file_name)
1107
1108    max_attempts = len(installed_versions)
1109    while attempts < max_attempts:
1110        if not venv_contains_package(
1111            _install_to_import_name(_install_no_version),
1112            venv=venv, debug=debug,
1113        ):
1114            return True
1115        if not pip_uninstall(
1116            _install_no_version,
1117            venv = venv,
1118            silent = (not debug),
1119            _from_completely_uninstall = True,
1120            debug = debug,
1121        ):
1122            return False
1123        attempts += 1
1124    return False
1125
1126
1127def pip_uninstall(
1128    *args, **kw
1129) -> bool:
1130    """
1131    Uninstall Python packages.
1132    This function is a wrapper around `pip_install()` but with `_uninstall` enforced as `True`.
1133    """
1134    return pip_install(*args, _uninstall=True, **{k: v for k, v in kw.items() if k != '_uninstall'})
1135
1136
1137def run_python_package(
1138    package_name: str,
1139    args: Optional[List[str]] = None,
1140    venv: Optional[str] = 'mrsm',
1141    cwd: Optional[str] = None,
1142    env: Optional[Dict[str, str]] = None,
1143    foreground: bool = False,
1144    as_proc: bool = False,
1145    capture_output: bool = False,
1146    debug: bool = False,
1147    **kw: Any,
1148) -> Union[int, subprocess.Popen, None]:
1149    """
1150    Runs an installed python package.
1151    E.g. Translates to `/usr/bin/python -m [package]`
1152
1153    Parameters
1154    ----------
1155    package_name: str
1156        The Python module to be executed.
1157
1158    args: Optional[List[str]], default None
1159        Additional command line arguments to be appended after `-m [package]`.
1160
1161    venv: Optional[str], default 'mrsm'
1162        If specified, execute the Python interpreter from a virtual environment.
1163
1164    cwd: Optional[str], default None
1165        If specified, change directories before starting the process.
1166        Defaults to `None`.
1167
1168    env: Optional[Dict[str, str]], default None
1169        If specified, only use the provided dictionary for the environment variables.
1170        Defaults to `os.environ`.
1171
1172    as_proc: bool, default False
1173        If `True`, return a `subprocess.Popen` object.
1174
1175    capture_output: bool, default False
1176        If `as_proc` is `True`, capture stdout and stderr.
1177
1178    foreground: bool, default False
1179        If `True`, start the subprocess as a foreground process.
1180        Defaults to `False`.
1181
1182    kw: Any
1183        Additional keyword arguments to pass to `meerschaum.utils.process.run_process()`
1184        and by extension `subprocess.Popen()`.
1185
1186    Returns
1187    -------
1188    Either a return code integer or a `subprocess.Popen` object
1189    (or `None` if a `KeyboardInterrupt` occurs and as_proc is `True`).
1190    """
1191    import sys
1192    import subprocess
1193    import traceback
1194    from meerschaum.config._paths import VIRTENV_RESOURCES_PATH
1195    from meerschaum.utils.process import run_process
1196    from meerschaum.utils.warnings import warn
1197    if args is None:
1198        args = []
1199    old_cwd = os.getcwd()
1200    if cwd is not None:
1201        os.chdir(cwd)
1202    executable = venv_executable(venv=venv)
1203    venv_path = (VIRTENV_RESOURCES_PATH / venv) if venv is not None else None
1204    env_dict = (env if isinstance(env, dict) else (os.environ or {})).copy()
1205    if venv_path is not None:
1206        env_dict.update({'VIRTUAL_ENV': venv_path.as_posix()})
1207    command = [executable, '-m', str(package_name)] + [str(a) for a in args]
1208    if debug:
1209        print(command, file=sys.stderr)
1210    try:
1211        to_return = run_process(
1212            command,
1213            foreground=foreground,
1214            as_proc=as_proc,
1215            capture_output=capture_output,
1216            **kw
1217        )
1218    except Exception:
1219        msg = f"Failed to execute {command}, will try again:\n{traceback.format_exc()}"
1220        warn(msg, color=False)
1221        stdout, stderr = (
1222            (None, None)
1223            if not capture_output
1224            else (subprocess.PIPE, subprocess.PIPE)
1225        )
1226        proc = subprocess.Popen(
1227            command,
1228            stdout=stdout,
1229            stderr=stderr,
1230            stdin=sys.stdin,
1231            env=env_dict,
1232        )
1233        to_return = proc if as_proc else proc.wait()
1234    except KeyboardInterrupt:
1235        to_return = 1 if not as_proc else None
1236    os.chdir(old_cwd)
1237    return to_return
1238
1239
1240def attempt_import(
1241    *names: str,
1242    lazy: bool = True,
1243    warn: bool = True,
1244    install: bool = True,
1245    venv: Optional[str] = 'mrsm',
1246    precheck: bool = True,
1247    split: bool = True,
1248    check_update: bool = False,
1249    check_pypi: bool = False,
1250    check_is_installed: bool = True,
1251    allow_outside_venv: bool = True,
1252    color: bool = True,
1253    debug: bool = False
1254) -> Any:
1255    """
1256    Raise a warning if packages are not installed; otherwise import and return modules.
1257    If `lazy` is `True`, return lazy-imported modules.
1258    
1259    Returns tuple of modules if multiple names are provided, else returns one module.
1260    
1261    Parameters
1262    ----------
1263    names: List[str]
1264        The packages to be imported.
1265
1266    lazy: bool, default True
1267        If `True`, lazily load packages.
1268
1269    warn: bool, default True
1270        If `True`, raise a warning if a package cannot be imported.
1271
1272    install: bool, default True
1273        If `True`, attempt to install a missing package into the designated virtual environment.
1274        If `check_update` is True, install updates if available.
1275
1276    venv: Optional[str], default 'mrsm'
1277        The virtual environment in which to search for packages and to install packages into.
1278
1279    precheck: bool, default True
1280        If `True`, attempt to find module before importing (necessary for checking if modules exist
1281        and retaining lazy imports), otherwise assume lazy is `False`.
1282
1283    split: bool, default True
1284        If `True`, split packages' names on `'.'`.
1285
1286    check_update: bool, default False
1287        If `True` and `install` is `True`, install updates if the required minimum version
1288        does not match.
1289
1290    check_pypi: bool, default False
1291        If `True` and `check_update` is `True`, check PyPI when determining whether
1292        an update is required.
1293
1294    check_is_installed: bool, default True
1295        If `True`, check if the package is contained in the virtual environment.
1296
1297    allow_outside_venv: bool, default True
1298        If `True`, search outside of the specified virtual environment
1299        if the package cannot be found.
1300        Setting to `False` will reinstall the package into a virtual environment, even if it
1301        is installed outside.
1302
1303    color: bool, default True
1304        If `False`, do not print ANSI colors.
1305
1306    Returns
1307    -------
1308    The specified modules. If they're not available and `install` is `True`, it will first
1309    download them into a virtual environment and return the modules.
1310
1311    Examples
1312    --------
1313    >>> pandas, sqlalchemy = attempt_import('pandas', 'sqlalchemy')
1314    >>> pandas = attempt_import('pandas')
1315
1316    """
1317
1318    import importlib.util
1319
1320    ### to prevent recursion, check if parent Meerschaum package is being imported
1321    if names == ('meerschaum',):
1322        return _import_module('meerschaum')
1323
1324    if venv == 'mrsm' and _import_hook_venv is not None:
1325        if debug:
1326            print(f"Import hook for virtual environment '{_import_hook_venv}' is active.")
1327        venv = _import_hook_venv
1328
1329    _warnings = _import_module('meerschaum.utils.warnings')
1330    warn_function = _warnings.warn
1331
1332    def do_import(_name: str, **kw) -> Union['ModuleType', None]:
1333        with Venv(venv=venv, debug=debug):
1334            ### determine the import method (lazy vs normal)
1335            from meerschaum.utils.misc import filter_keywords
1336            import_method = (
1337                _import_module if not lazy
1338                else lazy_import
1339            )
1340            try:
1341                mod = import_method(_name, **(filter_keywords(import_method, **kw)))
1342            except Exception as e:
1343                if warn:
1344                    import traceback
1345                    traceback.print_exception(type(e), e, e.__traceback__)
1346                    warn_function(
1347                        f"Failed to import module '{_name}'.\nException:\n{e}",
1348                        ImportWarning,
1349                        stacklevel = (5 if lazy else 4),
1350                        color = False,
1351                    )
1352                mod = None
1353        return mod
1354
1355    modules = []
1356    for name in names:
1357        ### Check if package is a declared dependency.
1358        root_name = name.split('.')[0] if split else name
1359        install_name = _import_to_install_name(root_name)
1360
1361        if install_name is None:
1362            install_name = root_name
1363            if warn and root_name != 'plugins':
1364                warn_function(
1365                    f"Package '{root_name}' is not declared in meerschaum.utils.packages.",
1366                    ImportWarning,
1367                    stacklevel = 3,
1368                    color = False
1369                )
1370
1371        ### Determine if the package exists.
1372        if precheck is False:
1373            found_module = (
1374                do_import(
1375                    name, debug=debug, warn=False, venv=venv, color=color,
1376                    check_update=False, check_pypi=False, split=split,
1377                ) is not None
1378            )
1379        else:
1380            if check_is_installed:
1381                with _locks['_is_installed_first_check']:
1382                    if not _is_installed_first_check.get(name, False):
1383                        package_is_installed = is_installed(
1384                            name,
1385                            venv = venv,
1386                            split = split,
1387                            allow_outside_venv = allow_outside_venv,
1388                            debug = debug,
1389                        )
1390                        _is_installed_first_check[name] = package_is_installed
1391                    else:
1392                        package_is_installed = _is_installed_first_check[name]
1393            else:
1394                package_is_installed = _is_installed_first_check.get(
1395                    name,
1396                    venv_contains_package(name, venv=venv, split=split, debug=debug)
1397                )
1398            found_module = package_is_installed
1399
1400        if not found_module:
1401            if install:
1402                if not pip_install(
1403                    install_name,
1404                    venv = venv,
1405                    split = False,
1406                    check_update = check_update,
1407                    color = color,
1408                    debug = debug
1409                ) and warn:
1410                    warn_function(
1411                        f"Failed to install '{install_name}'.",
1412                        ImportWarning,
1413                        stacklevel = 3,
1414                        color = False,
1415                    )
1416            elif warn:
1417                ### Raise a warning if we can't find the package and install = False.
1418                warn_function(
1419                    (f"\n\nMissing package '{name}' from virtual environment '{venv}'; "
1420                     + "some features will not work correctly."
1421                     + "\n\nSet install=True when calling attempt_import.\n"),
1422                    ImportWarning,
1423                    stacklevel = 3,
1424                    color = False,
1425                )
1426
1427        ### Do the import. Will be lazy if lazy=True.
1428        m = do_import(
1429            name, debug=debug, warn=warn, venv=venv, color=color,
1430            check_update=check_update, check_pypi=check_pypi, install=install, split=split,
1431        )
1432        modules.append(m)
1433
1434    modules = tuple(modules)
1435    if len(modules) == 1:
1436        return modules[0]
1437    return modules
1438
1439
1440def lazy_import(
1441    name: str,
1442    local_name: str = None,
1443    **kw
1444) -> meerschaum.utils.packages.lazy_loader.LazyLoader:
1445    """
1446    Lazily import a package.
1447    """
1448    from meerschaum.utils.packages.lazy_loader import LazyLoader
1449    if local_name is None:
1450        local_name = name
1451    return LazyLoader(
1452        local_name,
1453        globals(),
1454        name,
1455        **kw
1456    )
1457
1458
1459def pandas_name() -> str:
1460    """
1461    Return the configured name for `pandas`.
1462    
1463    Below are the expected possible values:
1464
1465    - 'pandas'
1466    - 'modin.pandas'
1467    - 'dask.dataframe'
1468
1469    """
1470    from meerschaum.config import get_config
1471    pandas_module_name = get_config('system', 'connectors', 'all', 'pandas', patch=True)
1472    if pandas_module_name == 'modin':
1473        pandas_module_name = 'modin.pandas'
1474    elif pandas_module_name == 'dask':
1475        pandas_module_name = 'dask.dataframe'
1476
1477    return pandas_module_name
1478
1479
1480emitted_pandas_warning: bool = False
1481def import_pandas(
1482    debug: bool = False,
1483    lazy: bool = False,
1484    **kw
1485) -> 'ModuleType':
1486    """
1487    Quality-of-life function to attempt to import the configured version of `pandas`.
1488    """
1489    pandas_module_name = pandas_name()
1490    global emitted_pandas_warning
1491
1492    if pandas_module_name != 'pandas':
1493        with _locks['emitted_pandas_warning']:
1494            if not emitted_pandas_warning:
1495                from meerschaum.utils.warnings import warn
1496                emitted_pandas_warning = True
1497                warn(
1498                    (
1499                        "You are using an alternative Pandas implementation "
1500                        + f"'{pandas_module_name}'"
1501                        + "\n   Features may not work as expected."
1502                    ),
1503                    stack=False,
1504                )
1505
1506    pytz = attempt_import('pytz', debug=debug, lazy=False, **kw)
1507    pandas, pyarrow = attempt_import('pandas', 'pyarrow', debug=debug, lazy=False, **kw)
1508    pd = attempt_import(pandas_module_name, debug=debug, lazy=lazy, **kw)
1509    return pd
1510
1511
1512def import_rich(
1513    lazy: bool = True,
1514    debug: bool = False,
1515    **kw: Any
1516) -> 'ModuleType':
1517    """
1518    Quality of life function for importing `rich`.
1519    """
1520    from meerschaum.utils.formatting import ANSI, UNICODE
1521    ## need typing_extensions for `from rich import box`
1522    typing_extensions = attempt_import(
1523        'typing_extensions', lazy=False, debug=debug
1524    )
1525    pygments = attempt_import(
1526        'pygments', lazy=False,
1527    )
1528    rich = attempt_import(
1529        'rich', lazy=lazy,
1530        **kw
1531    )
1532    return rich
1533
1534
1535def _dash_less_than_2(**kw) -> bool:
1536    dash = attempt_import('dash', **kw)
1537    if dash is None:
1538        return None
1539    packaging_version = attempt_import('packaging.version', **kw)
1540    return (
1541        packaging_version.parse(dash.__version__) < 
1542        packaging_version.parse('2.0.0')
1543    )
1544
1545
1546def import_dcc(warn=False, **kw) -> 'ModuleType':
1547    """
1548    Import Dash Core Components (`dcc`).
1549    """
1550    return (
1551        attempt_import('dash_core_components', warn=warn, **kw)
1552        if _dash_less_than_2(warn=warn, **kw) else attempt_import('dash.dcc', warn=warn, **kw)
1553    )
1554
1555
1556def import_html(warn=False, **kw) -> 'ModuleType':
1557    """
1558    Import Dash HTML Components (`html`).
1559    """
1560    return (
1561        attempt_import('dash_html_components', warn=warn, **kw)
1562        if _dash_less_than_2(warn=warn, **kw)
1563        else attempt_import('dash.html', warn=warn, **kw)
1564    )
1565
1566
1567def get_modules_from_package(
1568    package: 'package',
1569    names: bool = False,
1570    recursive: bool = False,
1571    lazy: bool = False,
1572    modules_venvs: bool = False,
1573    debug: bool = False
1574):
1575    """
1576    Find and import all modules in a package.
1577    
1578    Returns
1579    -------
1580    Either list of modules or tuple of lists.
1581    """
1582    from os.path import dirname, join, isfile, isdir, basename
1583    import glob
1584
1585    pattern = '*' if recursive else '*.py'
1586    package_path = dirname(package.__file__ or package.__path__[0])
1587    module_names = glob.glob(join(package_path, pattern), recursive=recursive)
1588    _all = [
1589        basename(f)[:-3] if isfile(f) else basename(f)
1590        for f in module_names
1591            if ((isfile(f) and f.endswith('.py')) or isdir(f))
1592               and not f.endswith('__init__.py')
1593               and not f.endswith('__pycache__')
1594    ]
1595
1596    if debug:
1597        from meerschaum.utils.debug import dprint
1598        dprint(str(_all))
1599    modules = []
1600    for module_name in [package.__name__ + "." + mod_name for mod_name in _all]:
1601        ### there's probably a better way than a try: catch but it'll do for now
1602        try:
1603            ### if specified, activate the module's virtual environment before importing.
1604            ### NOTE: this only considers the filename, so two modules from different packages
1605            ### may end up sharing virtual environments.
1606            if modules_venvs:
1607                activate_venv(module_name.split('.')[-1], debug=debug)
1608            m = lazy_import(module_name, debug=debug) if lazy else _import_module(module_name)
1609            modules.append(m)
1610        except Exception as e:
1611            if debug:
1612                dprint(str(e))
1613        finally:
1614            if modules_venvs:
1615                deactivate_venv(module_name.split('.')[-1], debug=debug)
1616    if names:
1617        return _all, modules
1618
1619    return modules
1620
1621
1622def import_children(
1623    package: Optional['ModuleType'] = None,
1624    package_name: Optional[str] = None,
1625    types : Optional[List[str]] = None,
1626    lazy: bool = True,
1627    recursive: bool = False,
1628    debug: bool = False
1629) -> List['ModuleType']:
1630    """
1631    Import all functions in a package to its `__init__`.
1632
1633    Parameters
1634    ----------
1635    package: Optional[ModuleType], default None
1636        Package to import its functions into.
1637        If `None` (default), use parent.
1638
1639    package_name: Optional[str], default None
1640        Name of package to import its functions into
1641        If None (default), use parent.
1642
1643    types: Optional[List[str]], default None
1644        Types of members to return.
1645        Defaults are `['method', 'builtin', 'class', 'function', 'package', 'module']`
1646
1647    Returns
1648    -------
1649    A list of modules.
1650    """
1651    import sys, inspect
1652
1653    if types is None:
1654        types = ['method', 'builtin', 'function', 'class', 'module']
1655
1656    ### if package_name and package are None, use parent
1657    if package is None and package_name is None:
1658        package_name = inspect.stack()[1][0].f_globals['__name__']
1659
1660    ### populate package or package_name from other other
1661    if package is None:
1662        package = sys.modules[package_name]
1663    elif package_name is None:
1664        package_name = package.__name__
1665
1666    ### Set attributes in sys module version of package.
1667    ### Kinda like setting a dictionary
1668    ###   functions[name] = func
1669    modules = get_modules_from_package(package, recursive=recursive, lazy=lazy, debug=debug)
1670    _all, members = [], []
1671    objects = []
1672    for module in modules:
1673        _objects = []
1674        for ob in inspect.getmembers(module):
1675            for t in types:
1676                ### ob is a tuple of (name, object)
1677                if getattr(inspect, 'is' + t)(ob[1]):
1678                    _objects.append(ob)
1679
1680        if 'module' in types:
1681            _objects.append((module.__name__.split('.')[0], module))
1682        objects += _objects
1683    for ob in objects:
1684        setattr(sys.modules[package_name], ob[0], ob[1])
1685        _all.append(ob[0])
1686        members.append(ob[1])
1687
1688    if debug:
1689        from meerschaum.utils.debug import dprint
1690        dprint(str(_all))
1691    ### set __all__ for import *
1692    setattr(sys.modules[package_name], '__all__', _all)
1693    return members
1694
1695
1696_reload_module_cache = {}
1697def reload_package(
1698    package: str,
1699    skip_submodules: Optional[List[str]] = None,
1700    lazy: bool = False,
1701    debug: bool = False,
1702    **kw: Any
1703):
1704    """
1705    Recursively load a package's subpackages, even if they were not previously loaded.
1706    """
1707    import sys
1708    if isinstance(package, str):
1709        package_name = package
1710    else:
1711        try:
1712            package_name = package.__name__
1713        except Exception as e:
1714            package_name = str(package)
1715
1716    skip_submodules = skip_submodules or []
1717    if 'meerschaum.utils.packages' not in skip_submodules:
1718        skip_submodules.append('meerschaum.utils.packages')
1719    def safeimport():
1720        subs = [
1721            m for m in sys.modules
1722            if m.startswith(package_name + '.')
1723        ]
1724        subs_to_skip = []
1725        for skip_mod in skip_submodules:
1726            for mod in subs:
1727                if mod.startswith(skip_mod):
1728                    subs_to_skip.append(mod)
1729                    continue
1730
1731        subs = [m for m in subs if m not in subs_to_skip]
1732        for module_name in subs:
1733            _reload_module_cache[module_name] = sys.modules.pop(module_name, None)
1734        if not subs_to_skip:
1735            _reload_module_cache[package_name] = sys.modules.pop(package_name, None)
1736
1737        return _import_module(package_name)
1738
1739    return safeimport()
1740
1741
1742def reload_meerschaum(debug: bool = False) -> SuccessTuple:
1743    """
1744    Reload the currently loaded Meercshaum modules, refreshing plugins and shell configuration.
1745    """
1746    reload_package(
1747        'meerschaum',
1748        skip_submodules = [
1749            'meerschaum._internal.shell',
1750            'meerschaum.utils.pool',
1751        ]
1752    )
1753
1754    from meerschaum.plugins import reload_plugins
1755    from meerschaum._internal.shell.Shell import _insert_shell_actions
1756    reload_plugins(debug=debug)
1757    _insert_shell_actions()
1758    return True, "Success"
1759
1760
1761def is_installed(
1762    import_name: str,
1763    venv: Optional[str] = 'mrsm',
1764    split: bool = True,
1765    allow_outside_venv: bool = True,
1766    debug: bool = False,
1767) -> bool:
1768    """
1769    Check whether a package is installed.
1770
1771    Parameters
1772    ----------
1773    import_name: str
1774        The import name of the module.
1775
1776    venv: Optional[str], default 'mrsm'
1777        The venv in which to search for the module.
1778
1779    split: bool, default True
1780        If `True`, split on periods to determine the root module name.
1781
1782    allow_outside_venv: bool, default True
1783        If `True`, search outside of the specified virtual environment
1784        if the package cannot be found.
1785
1786    Returns
1787    -------
1788    A bool indicating whether a package may be imported.
1789    """
1790    if debug:
1791        from meerschaum.utils.debug import dprint
1792    root_name = import_name.split('.')[0] if split else import_name
1793    import importlib.util
1794    with Venv(venv, debug=debug):
1795        try:
1796            spec_path = pathlib.Path(
1797                get_module_path(root_name, venv=venv, debug=debug)
1798                or
1799                (
1800                    importlib.util.find_spec(root_name).origin 
1801                    if venv is not None and allow_outside_venv
1802                    else None
1803                )
1804            )
1805        except (ModuleNotFoundError, ValueError, AttributeError, TypeError) as e:
1806            spec_path = None
1807
1808        found = (
1809            not need_update(
1810                None,
1811                import_name=root_name,
1812                _run_determine_version=False,
1813                check_pypi=False,
1814                version=determine_version(
1815                    spec_path,
1816                    venv=venv,
1817                    debug=debug,
1818                    import_name=root_name,
1819                ),
1820                debug=debug,
1821            )
1822        ) if spec_path is not None else False
1823
1824    return found
1825
1826
1827def venv_contains_package(
1828    import_name: str,
1829    venv: Optional[str] = 'mrsm',
1830    split: bool = True,
1831    debug: bool = False,
1832) -> bool:
1833    """
1834    Search the contents of a virtual environment for a package.
1835    """
1836    import site
1837    import pathlib
1838    root_name = import_name.split('.')[0] if split else import_name
1839    return get_module_path(root_name, venv=venv, debug=debug) is not None
1840
1841
1842def package_venv(package: 'ModuleType') -> Union[str, None]:
1843    """
1844    Inspect a package and return the virtual environment in which it presides.
1845    """
1846    import os
1847    from meerschaum.config._paths import VIRTENV_RESOURCES_PATH
1848    if str(VIRTENV_RESOURCES_PATH) not in package.__file__:
1849        return None
1850    return package.__file__.split(str(VIRTENV_RESOURCES_PATH))[1].split(os.path.sep)[1]
1851
1852
1853def ensure_readline() -> 'ModuleType':
1854    """Make sure that the `readline` package is able to be imported."""
1855    import sys
1856    try:
1857        import readline
1858    except ImportError:
1859        readline = None
1860
1861    if readline is None:
1862        import platform
1863        rl_name = "gnureadline" if platform.system() != 'Windows' else "pyreadline3"
1864        try:
1865            rl = attempt_import(
1866                rl_name,
1867                lazy=False,
1868                install=True,
1869                venv=None,
1870                warn=False,
1871            )
1872        except (ImportError, ModuleNotFoundError):
1873            if not pip_install(rl_name, args=['--upgrade', '--ignore-installed'], venv=None):
1874                print(f"Unable to import {rl_name}!", file=sys.stderr)
1875                sys.exit(1)
1876
1877    sys.modules['readline'] = readline
1878    return readline
1879
1880
1881def _get_pip_os_env(color: bool = True):
1882    """
1883    Return the environment variables context in which `pip` should be run.
1884    See PEP 668 for why we are overriding the environment.
1885    """
1886    import os, sys, platform
1887    python_bin_path = pathlib.Path(sys.executable)
1888    pip_os_env = os.environ.copy()
1889    path_str = pip_os_env.get('PATH', '') or ''
1890    path_sep = ':' if platform.system() != 'Windows' else ';'
1891    pip_os_env.update({
1892        'PIP_BREAK_SYSTEM_PACKAGES': 'true',
1893        'UV_BREAK_SYSTEM_PACKAGES': 'true',
1894        ('FORCE_COLOR' if color else 'NO_COLOR'): '1',
1895    })
1896    if str(python_bin_path) not in path_str:
1897        pip_os_env['PATH'] = str(python_bin_path.parent) + path_sep + path_str
1898
1899    return pip_os_env
1900
1901
1902def use_uv() -> bool:
1903    """
1904    Return whether `uv` is available and enabled.
1905    """
1906    from meerschaum.utils.misc import is_android
1907    if is_android():
1908        return False
1909
1910    if not is_uv_enabled():
1911        return False
1912
1913    try:
1914        import uv
1915        uv_bin = uv.find_uv_bin()
1916    except (ImportError, FileNotFoundError):
1917        uv_bin = None
1918
1919    if uv_bin is None:
1920        return False
1921
1922    return True
1923
1924
1925def is_uv_enabled() -> bool:
1926    """
1927    Return whether the user has disabled `uv`.
1928    """
1929    from meerschaum.utils.misc import is_android
1930    if is_android():
1931        return False
1932
1933    from meerschaum.utils.venv import inside_venv
1934
1935    if inside_venv():
1936        return False
1937
1938    try:
1939        import yaml
1940    except ImportError:
1941        return False
1942
1943    from meerschaum.config import get_config
1944    enabled = get_config('system', 'experimental', 'uv_pip')
1945    return enabled